Proof of Well-Posedness of the Dyson Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Confining Potential: Existence and Uniqueness of a Bounded Viscosity Solution

Each result cited below is universally quantified over the data in its own statement, and is applied to the data named at the point of use. The rules of Elementary Order Arithmetic in an Ordered Field and Elementary Arithmetic in an Ordered Field for adding, multiplying and scaling equalities and inequalities (among them $0<1$, the positivity of $\lambda_{0}^{-1}$ and $\lambda_{0}\lambda_{0}^{-1}=1$), and claims 1, 3 and 6 of Properties of the Absolute Value in an Ordered Field, are used without further mention. Throughout, $d=1$ and $\mathbb{R}$ is identified with $\mathbb{R}^{1}$ as in One-Dimensional Test Functions: Scalars, Derivatives, and the Difference Quotient of the Derivative, so that $\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})=\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R}^{1})$, $L^{2}(\nu;\mathbb{R})=L^{2}(\nu;\mathbb{R}^{1})$, and $\mathcal{S}(1)$ consists of the $1\times1$ symmetric matrices, each read as its sole entry as in The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima.

Step 0: the operator and the properties used. Let $F$ be the Dyson Hamilton-Jacobi operator with common noise and confining potential $V$, discount $\lambda_{0}$, intensity $\kappa$ and running cost $g$. By The Dyson Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Confining Potential on the Wasserstein Space of the Real Line §operator, $F$ is the Hamilton-Jacobi operator with common noise and penalty drift of the pair $(\mathcal{D},\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma},\mathcal{E},\Sigma)$ with discount $\lambda_{0}$, common-noise intensity $\kappa$, control cost $\theta=1$ and running cost $g$, a second-order equation operator over $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$, with $\delta$-shifts relative to that pair; and by The Dyson Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Confining Potential on the Wasserstein Space of the Real Line §equation and The Discounted Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Penalty Drift on the Wasserstein Space §equation, a viscosity subsolution, supersolution or solution of the equation of the statement is a function $\mathcal{D}\to\mathbb{R}$ that is a viscosity subsolution, supersolution or solution of $F$ relative to the pair, in the sense of Viscosity Subsolution, Supersolution and Solution of a Second-Order Equation on the Wasserstein Space §subsolution, Viscosity Subsolution, Supersolution and Solution of a Second-Order Equation on the Wasserstein Space §supersolution and Viscosity Subsolution, Supersolution and Solution of a Second-Order Equation on the Wasserstein Space §solution. We record the following properties.

(P1) By The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §pair, the pair is a penalty pair on $\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$, and $H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)=\int_{\mathbb{R}}V''\,d\mu$ for $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$; in particular $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}\subseteq\mathcal{D}$ by Penalty Pairs on the Wasserstein Space: the Penalty, Its Score, and Their Domains §pair.

(P2) By The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §coercive, the pair is Wasserstein-coercive and $\mathcal{D}$ has the map property.

(P3) By The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §closed, the pair has closed score along couplings.

(P4) By The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §regular, the pair has regular penalised maxima.

(P5) By The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §growth, $\mathcal{E}$ is lower semicontinuous on $\mathcal{D}$ relative to $\mathcal{D}$.

(P6) $F$ is degenerate elliptic, by The Hamilton-Jacobi Operator with Common Noise and Penalty Drift is Degenerate Elliptic, whose hypotheses hold: the pair is a penalty pair by (P1), $\lambda_{0}$ and $\theta=1$ are positive, $\kappa$ is nonnegative, $g$ is a function $\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})\to\mathbb{R}$, and $F$ is the operator named there for these data.

(P7) $F$ is locally strictly proper and satisfies the shift-coercivity condition, the shift-semicontinuity condition and the second-order structure condition at uniquely mapped pairs. This is The Hamilton-Jacobi Operator with Common Noise and Penalty Drift Satisfies the Hypotheses of the Comparison Principle for a Displacement Convex Pair §conclusion, applied to the pair (a penalty pair by (P1)), with $\lambda_{0}$, with $\theta=1$ (so $0<\theta\le1$), with $\kappa$, $g$ and $F$; we discharge its hypotheses one by one. First, for $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$ the translation Hessian $H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)$ is a $1\times1$ matrix, and by the definition of the trace with $p=1$, $\mathrm{tr}\,H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)$ is its sole diagonal entry, which is the real number $H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)=\int_{\mathbb{R}}V''\,d\mu$ of (P1); thus $\mathrm{tr}\,H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)=H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$. The hypothesis (Convexity) is The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §convex. The hypothesis (Semicontinuity) is (P5). For (Growth), the constant $C$ of The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §growth gives $M_{2}(\mu)\le C(1+|\mathcal{E}(\mu)|)$ and $|\mathrm{tr}\,H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)|=|H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)|\le C(1+|\mathcal{E}(\mu)|)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$. For (Hessian continuity), for positive $R$ the function $\mu\mapsto\mathrm{tr}\,H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)$ on $\{\mu\in\mathcal{D}:|\mathcal{E}(\mu)|\le R\}$ is the function $\mu\mapsto H_{\mathcal{E}}(\mu)$ there, which is continuous by The Confined Logarithmic-Energy Pair is a Displacement Convex, Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair with Closed Score and Regular Penalised Maxima §hessian. For (Running cost), for every $\nu\in\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$ we have $|g(\nu)|\le b\le|b|$ and $0\le|b|$, so $g$ is bounded with bound $|b|$; and $g$ is uniformly continuous for $W_{2}$ and the metric of The Absolute Value Metric on the Real Line by hypothesis, which is the uniform continuity required there.

Part 1 (Comparison). Let $u$ and $v$ be as in clause 1, and let $b_{u},b_{v}\in\mathbb{R}$ satisfy $u(\mu)\le b_{u}$ and $b_{v}\le v(\mu)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$. By Step 0, $u$ is a viscosity subsolution and $v$ a viscosity supersolution of $F$ relative to the pair. We apply A Comparison Principle for Viscosity Solutions on the Wasserstein Space §comparison to the pair, which is a Wasserstein-coercive penalty pair by (P1) and (P2), has closed score along couplings by (P3), and whose penalty domain $\mathcal{D}$ has the map property by (P2); to the operator $F$, a second-order equation operator over $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$ with $\delta$-shifts relative to the pair, which is locally strictly proper and satisfies the shift-coercivity, shift-semicontinuity and second-order structure conditions by (P7); and to $u$, $v$, $b=b_{u}$ and $b'=b_{v}$. It gives $u(\mu)\le v(\mu)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$.

Part 2 (Existence). Put $c_{-}=-\lambda_{0}^{-1}b$ and $c_{+}=\lambda_{0}^{-1}b$, so that $\lambda_{0}c_{-}=-b$ and $\lambda_{0}c_{+}=b$.

Constant test functions. Let $c\in\{c_{-},c_{+}\}$. Let $\phi_{c}:\mathbb{R}^{1}\to\mathbb{R}$ be the constant function with value $c$. It is the function $Q$ of Quadratic and Affine Functions of Class $C^2$, Translation, and Quadratic Perturbation of Semiconvexity with $n=1$, $M=0_{1}\in\mathcal{S}(1)$, $q=0_{\mathbb{R}^{1}}$ and constant $c$, because $0_{1}z=0_{\mathbb{R}^{1}}$ and $z\cdot0_{\mathbb{R}^{1}}=0_{\mathbb{R}^{1}}\cdot z=0$ for $z\in\mathbb{R}^{1}$; so by Quadratic and Affine Functions of Class $C^2$, Translation, and Quadratic Perturbation of Semiconvexity §quadratic it is of class $C^{2}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{1}$ with $D\phi_{c}(z)=0_{\mathbb{R}^{1}}$ and $D^{2}\phi_{c}(z)=0_{1}$ for every $z\in\mathbb{R}^{1}$. Let $\chi_{c}:\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})\to\mathbb{R}$ be the constant function with value $c$; then $\chi_{c}(\mu)=\phi_{c}(m(\mu))$ for every $\mu$, with $m(\mu)$ the mean. By The Squared Wasserstein Distance to a Fixed Measure and Functions of the Mean are Intrinsic Test Functions §mean, applied with the subset $\mathcal{D}$ and $\phi=\phi_{c}$, $\chi_{c}$ is an intrinsic test function on $\mathcal{D}$, with $\nabla\chi_{c}(\mu)$ equal, for $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$, to the class in $L^{2}(\mu;\mathbb{R})$ of the constant map with value $0$, and with $H_{\chi_{c}}(\mu)=0_{1}$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{P}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$. That class is the zero vector $0_{\mu}$ of $L^{2}(\mu;\mathbb{R})$ by The Space of Square-Integrable Random Vectors §classes, applied, as in Square-Integrable Vector Fields Against a Probability Measure on Euclidean Space, and Test Functions: Standing Notation §l2mu, on the probability space $(\mathbb{R},\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}),\mu)$. Since $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}\subseteq\mathcal{D}$ by (P1), Restrictions, Sums, Real Multiples and Differences of Intrinsic Test Functions on the Wasserstein Space §restriction shows that $\chi_{c}$ is also an intrinsic test function on $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$, with the same gradients along couplings and translation Hessians.

The operator at a constant. Let $\nu\in\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$. By The Discounted Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Penalty Drift on the Wasserstein Space §operator with $\theta=1$ (equivalently, the formula of The Dyson Hamilton-Jacobi Equation with Common Noise and a Confining Potential on the Wasserstein Space of the Real Line §operator),

By the definition of the trace with $p=1$, $\mathrm{tr}\,0_{1}$ is the sole entry $0$ of $0_{1}$. By Square-Integrable Vector Fields Against a Probability Measure on Euclidean Space, and Test Functions: Standing Notation §l2mu and The Space of Square-Integrable Random Vectors §inner-product, $L^{2}(\nu;\mathbb{R})$ is a real inner product space with inner product $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\nu}$, norm $\lVert\cdot\rVert_{\nu}$ and zero vector $0_{\nu}$, so $\langle\Sigma(\nu),0_{\nu}\rangle_{\nu}=0$ and $\lVert0_{\nu}\rVert_{\nu}=0$ by Elementary Identities in a Real Inner Product Space §zero. Hence

Since $|g(\nu)|\le b$, we have $-b\le g(\nu)\le b$. For $c=c_{-}$ the value is $-b-g(\nu)\le0$, and for $c=c_{+}$ it is $b-g(\nu)\ge0$. As $\nu\in\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$ was arbitrary, $\chi_{c_{-}}$ is a classical subsolution and $\chi_{c_{+}}$ a classical supersolution of $F$ on $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$.

Growth. Let $w_{-},w_{+}:\mathcal{D}\to\mathbb{R}$ be the restrictions of $\chi_{c_{-}}$ and $\chi_{c_{+}}$ to $\mathcal{D}$. For $c\in\{c_{-},c_{+}\}$ the restriction of $\chi_{c}$ satisfies $\chi_{c}(\mu)\le c$ and $c\le\chi_{c}(\mu)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$, so by The Delta-Envelopes of Bounded Functions and Their Monotonicity in the Weight, for a Wasserstein-Coercive Penalty Pair §growth, applied to the pair, which is a Wasserstein-coercive penalty pair by (P1) and (P2), with bound $c$, it has penalty-subordinate growth from above and from below.

Viscosity sub- and supersolution. We apply Classical Sub- and Supersolutions of a Degenerate Elliptic Equation on the Wasserstein Space are Viscosity Sub- and Supersolutions to the pair, which is a penalty pair by (P1) with regular penalised maxima by (P4) and with $\mathcal{E}$ lower semicontinuous on $\mathcal{D}$ relative to $\mathcal{D}$ by (P5), and to $F$, a second-order equation operator over $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$ that is degenerate elliptic by (P6). With the intrinsic test function $\chi_{c_{-}}$ on $\mathcal{D}$, whose restriction $w_{-}$ to $\mathcal{D}$ has penalty-subordinate growth from above and from below, and which is a classical subsolution of $F$ on $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$, Classical Sub- and Supersolutions of a Degenerate Elliptic Equation on the Wasserstein Space are Viscosity Sub- and Supersolutions §subsolution shows that $w_{-}$ is a viscosity subsolution of $F$ relative to the pair. With $\chi_{c_{+}}$, which has the same two growth properties and is a classical supersolution of $F$ on $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$, Classical Sub- and Supersolutions of a Degenerate Elliptic Equation on the Wasserstein Space are Viscosity Sub- and Supersolutions §supersolution shows that $w_{+}$ is a viscosity supersolution of $F$ relative to the pair.

Order. Let $\nu\in\mathcal{D}$. Then $0\le|g(\nu)|\le b$, so $0\le b$ and $0\le\lambda_{0}^{-1}b$, whence $w_{-}(\nu)=-\lambda_{0}^{-1}b\le0\le\lambda_{0}^{-1}b=w_{+}(\nu)$.

Perron's method. We apply Perron's Method on the Wasserstein Space: Existence of a Viscosity Solution Between a Subsolution and a Supersolution to the pair, a Wasserstein-coercive penalty pair by (P1) and (P2) with regular penalised maxima by (P4), whose penalty domain has the map property by (P2); to $F$, degenerate elliptic by (P6); with $f=w_{-}$, a viscosity subsolution with penalty-subordinate growth from below; with the supersolution written $g$ there taken to be $w_{+}$, a viscosity supersolution with penalty-subordinate growth from above; and with $w_{-}(\nu)\le w_{+}(\nu)$ for every $\nu\in\mathcal{D}$, as just shown. Let $u:\mathcal{D}\to\mathbb{R}$ be the function defined there. By Perron's Method on the Wasserstein Space: Existence of a Viscosity Solution Between a Subsolution and a Supersolution §solution, $u$ is a viscosity solution of $F$ relative to the pair, hence, by Step 0, a viscosity solution of the equation; and by Perron's Method on the Wasserstein Space: Existence of a Viscosity Solution Between a Subsolution and a Supersolution §bounds, $w_{-}(\nu)\le u(\nu)\le w_{+}(\nu)$, that is $-\lambda_{0}^{-1}b\le u(\nu)\le\lambda_{0}^{-1}b$, for every $\nu\in\mathcal{D}$.

Part 3 (Uniqueness and continuity). By Step 0, a bounded viscosity solution of the equation is a bounded viscosity solution of $F$ relative to the pair. We apply Uniqueness and Continuity on Energy Sublevel Sets of Bounded Viscosity Solutions on the Wasserstein Space to the pair, a Wasserstein-coercive penalty pair by (P1) and (P2) with closed score along couplings by (P3), whose penalty domain has the map property by (P2), and to $F$, a second-order equation operator over $\mathcal{D}_{\Sigma}$ with $\delta$-shifts relative to the pair that is locally strictly proper and satisfies the shift-coercivity, shift-semicontinuity and second-order structure conditions by (P7). If $u$ and $v$ are bounded viscosity solutions of the equation, then $u(\mu)=v(\mu)$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal{D}$ by Uniqueness and Continuity on Energy Sublevel Sets of Bounded Viscosity Solutions on the Wasserstein Space §uniqueness. If $u$ is a bounded viscosity solution of the equation and $c\in\mathbb{R}$, then by Uniqueness and Continuity on Energy Sublevel Sets of Bounded Viscosity Solutions on the Wasserstein Space §continuity the restriction of $u$ to $\{\mu\in\mathcal{D}:\mathcal{E}(\mu)\le c\}$ is uniformly continuous for $W_{2}$ restricted to that set and the metric of The Absolute Value Metric on the Real Line, which is the uniform continuity asserted in clause 3.