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Proof of Active Coordinate Coefficient Formula for the Exterior Derivative

theoremthm:active-coefficient-exterior-derivative-euclidean-2026a
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Reason: Publish the active-coordinate coefficient proof for the exterior derivative as a support result for the Euclidean Stokes theorem proof.

Proof

Write

Ο‰=βˆ‘1≀j1<β‹―<jkβˆ’1≀naj1…jkβˆ’1 dxj1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxjkβˆ’1.\omega=\sum_{1\le j_1<\cdots<j_{k-1}\le n} a_{j_1\dots j_{k-1}}\,dx_{j_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{j_{k-1}}.

By Exterior Derivative of a C^1 Differential Form on a Euclidean Open Set, one has

dΟ‰=βˆ‘1≀j1<β‹―<jkβˆ’1≀nβ€…β€Šβˆ‘m=1nβˆ‚aj1…jkβˆ’1βˆ‚xm dxm∧dxj1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxjkβˆ’1.d\omega=\sum_{1\le j_1<\cdots<j_{k-1}\le n}\;\sum_{m=1}^n \frac{\partial a_{j_1\dots j_{k-1}}}{\partial x_m}\,dx_m\wedge dx_{j_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{j_{k-1}}.

We determine the coefficient of dxi1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxikdx_{i_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{i_k}. A summand can contribute to this coefficient only if the set of indices in

dxm∧dxj1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxjkβˆ’1dx_m\wedge dx_{j_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{j_{k-1}}

is exactly {i1,…,ik}\{i_1,\dots,i_k\}. Since the tuple (j1,…,jkβˆ’1)(j_1,\dots,j_{k-1}) is increasing, this happens precisely when (j1,…,jkβˆ’1)=Ir^(j_1,\dots,j_{k-1})=I^{\hat r} and m=irm=i_r for some r∈{1,…,k}r\in\{1,\dots,k\}.

Fix such an index rr. Then

dxir∧dxIr^=dxir∧dxi1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxirβˆ’1∧dxir+1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxik.dx_{i_r}\wedge dx_{I^{\hat r}}=dx_{i_r}\wedge dx_{i_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{i_{r-1}}\wedge dx_{i_{r+1}}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{i_k}.

Let Οƒr∈Sk\sigma_r\in S_k be the permutation that moves iri_r from the first position to the rrth position and shifts i1,…,irβˆ’1i_1,\dots,i_{r-1} one place to the left. This permutation has sign (βˆ’1)rβˆ’1(-1)^{r-1}. Hence by Permutation Rule for Wedge Products of Coordinate 1-Forms,

dxir∧dxIr^=(βˆ’1)rβˆ’1dxi1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxik.dx_{i_r}\wedge dx_{I^{\hat r}}=(-1)^{r-1}dx_{i_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{i_k}.

Therefore the total coefficient of dxi1βˆ§β‹―βˆ§dxikdx_{i_1}\wedge\cdots\wedge dx_{i_k} in dΟ‰d\omega is exactly

βˆ‘r=1k(βˆ’1)rβˆ’1βˆ‚aIr^βˆ‚xir.\sum_{r=1}^k (-1)^{r-1}\frac{\partial a_{I^{\hat r}}}{\partial x_{i_r}}.
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