Closure is read off the definitions of binary operation and function; the zero law follows from commutativity and the right zero law.
(i): the addition is a binary operation on by Vector Space over a Field, so by Binary Operations on a Set (ii).
(ii): the scalar multiplication is a function from to by Vector Space over a Field, and , so its value lies in its range, which is contained in by Functions, Values of a Function, and Functions from One Class to Another (iii).
(iii): since and , Vector Space over a Field (ii) and The Zero Vector, Negatives and Differences in a Vector Space (i) give .
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