TheoremBase

Closure is read off the definitions of binary operation and function; the zero law follows from commutativity and the right zero law.

Proof

(i): the addition is a binary operation on VV by Vector Space over a Field, so u+v∈Vu+v\in V by Binary Operations on a Set (ii).

(ii): the scalar multiplication is a function from R×V\mathbb{R}\times V to VV by Vector Space over a Field, and (λ,v)∈R×V(\lambda,v)\in\mathbb{R}\times V, so its value λv\lambda v lies in its range, which is contained in VV by Functions, Values of a Function, and Functions from One Class to Another (iii).

(iii): since 0V∈V0_{V}\in V and x∈Vx\in V, Vector Space over a Field (ii) and The Zero Vector, Negatives and Differences in a Vector Space (i) give 0V+x=x+0V=x0_{V}+x=x+0_{V}=x.

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