TheoremBase

Almost Sure Inequalities Between Bounded Random Variables Pass to Expectations

Statement

Let (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P) be a probability space, let K≥0K\ge0 be a real number, and let XX and YY be random variables on it with ∣X(ω)∣≤K|X(\omega)|\le K and ∣Y(ω)∣≤K|Y(\omega)|\le K for every ω∈Ω\omega\in\Omega. Suppose there is an event Ω∗∈F\Omega_*\in\mathcal{F} with P(Ω∗)=1P(\Omega_*)=1.

1. (Domination.) If X(ω)≤Y(ω)X(\omega)\le Y(\omega) for every ω∈Ω∗\omega\in\Omega_*, then E[X]≤E[Y]\mathbb{E}[X]\le\mathbb{E}[Y].

2. (Equality.) If X(ω)=Y(ω)X(\omega)=Y(\omega) for every ω∈Ω∗\omega\in\Omega_*, then E[X]=E[Y]\mathbb{E}[X]=\mathbb{E}[Y].

3. (Bound.) If c≥0c\ge0 is a real number and ∣X(ω)∣≤c|X(\omega)|\le c for every ω∈Ω∗\omega\in\Omega_*, then ∣E[X]∣≤c|\mathbb{E}[X]|\le c.

4. (One-sided version.) Let K′≥0K'\ge0 be a real number, let WW be a random variable with W(ω)≥−K′W(\omega)\ge-K' for every ω∈Ω\omega\in\Omega, and let UU be a random variable with ∣U(ω)∣≤K|U(\omega)|\le K for every ω∈Ω\omega\in\Omega such that ∣W(ω)∣≤U(ω)|W(\omega)|\le U(\omega) for every ω∈Ω∗\omega\in\Omega_*. Then WW is integrable and ∣E[W]∣≤E[U]|\mathbb{E}[W]|\le\mathbb{E}[U].

Here E\mathbb{E} denotes the expectation, which for a bounded random variable exists because PP is a finite measure.

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