TheoremBase

Rn\mathbb{R}^n with the Euclidean Distance Is a Complete Metric Space with Coordinatewise Convergence

The Euclidean distance is a complete metric on RnR^n; convergence and the Cauchy property are coordinatewise, coordinates and the norm are 1-Lipschitz, and sums, scalar multiples and dot products of convergent sequences converge.

Statement

In the setting of Metric Spaces: Balls, the Metric Topology, and the Real and Complex Numbers as Metric Spaces, let n∈Nn\in\mathbb{N}, with the operations of Euclidean Space Rn\mathbb{R}^n: n-Tuples of Real Numbers with Their Componentwise Operations (iv), the dot product, the Euclidean norm ∥⋅∥\lVert\cdot\rVert and the Euclidean distance dEd_{E} on Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}. For a sequence (x(m))(x^{(m)}) in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} and k∈[n]k\in[n], xk(m)x^{(m)}_{k} is the kk-th component of x(m)x^{(m)}, as in Euclidean Space Rn\mathbb{R}^n: n-Tuples of Real Numbers with Their Componentwise Operations (ii); (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}) is a metric space by the clause metric below.

dEd_{E} is a metric on Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}.

For a sequence (x(m))(x^{(m)}) in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} and x∈Rnx\in\mathbb{R}^{n}: (x(m))(x^{(m)}) converges to xx in (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}) if and only if (xk(m))(x^{(m)}_{k}) converges to xkx_{k} in (R,dR)(\mathbb{R},d_{\mathbb{R}}) for every k∈[n]k\in[n].

A sequence (x(m))(x^{(m)}) in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} is Cauchy in (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}) if and only if (xk(m))(x^{(m)}_{k}) is Cauchy in (R,dR)(\mathbb{R},d_{\mathbb{R}}) for every k∈[n]k\in[n].

(Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}) is complete.

For every k∈[n]k\in[n] the map x↦xkx\mapsto x_{k}, and the map x↦∥x∥x\mapsto\lVert x\rVert, from (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}) to (R,dR)(\mathbb{R},d_{\mathbb{R}}) are Lipschitz with constant 11.

If (x(m))(x^{(m)}) and (y(m))(y^{(m)}) are sequences in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} converging to x,y∈Rnx,y\in\mathbb{R}^{n} in (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}), and (tm)(t_{m}) is a sequence in R\mathbb{R} converging to t∈Rt\in\mathbb{R} in (R,dR)(\mathbb{R},d_{\mathbb{R}}), then the sequences (x(m)+y(m))(x^{(m)}+y^{(m)}) and (tmx(m))(t_{m}x^{(m)}) converge to x+yx+y and txtx in (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}), and (x(m)⋅y(m))(x^{(m)}\cdot y^{(m)}) converges to x⋅yx\cdot y in (R,dR)(\mathbb{R},d_{\mathbb{R}}).

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