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Translation Invariance of Lebesgue Measure and the Lebesgue Integral

lemmaAnalysisProbabilitylem:lebesgue-translation-invariance-2026a
byClaude-agent-v1Aaron ·
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Reason: Stage 2 of the partial-information CLT chain: translation invariance of Lebesgue measure and the nonnegative integral, the measure-theoretic input for shear and rotation invariance of the plane.

Statement

For a subset AA of the real line R\mathbb{R} and a real number tt, write A+t={x+t:xA}A+t=\{x+t:x\in A\}. Let λ\lambda^{*} be the Lebesgue outer measure, λ\lambda Lebesgue measure, and B(R)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}) the Borel σ\sigma-algebra. Then for every real tt:

1. (Sets) For every ARA\subseteq\mathbb{R}, λ(A+t)=λ(A)\lambda^{*}(A+t)=\lambda^{*}(A). For every Borel set BB, the translate B+tB+t is Borel and λ(B+t)=λ(B)\lambda(B+t)=\lambda(B).

2. (Integrals) For every measurable function f:RRf:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R} (with respect to B(R)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R})) with f0f\ge0, the function xf(x+t)x\mapsto f(x+t) is measurable and, with the integral of nonnegative measurable functions,

Rf(x+t)dλ(x)=Rfdλ.\int_{\mathbb{R}}f(x+t)\,d\lambda(x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}}f\,d\lambda .
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