TheoremBase

Integrals Preserve Order, Symmetry and Positive Semidefiniteness

Oriented integrals of real maps with ordered bounds are monotone in the integrand; the integral of a continuous map with symmetric matrix values is symmetric, positive semidefinite when the integrand is and the bounds are in order, and integration preserves the semidefinite ordering.

Statement

In the settings of Single-Variable Calculus on an Interval and Euclidean Space and Real Matrices: Standing Notation, let n∈Nn\in\mathbb{N}. For E⊆RE\subseteq\mathbb{R}, a map g:E→Rg:E\to\mathbb{R} and u,v∈Eu,v\in E, the oriented integral ∫uvg\int_{u}^{v}g and what it means that it is defined are as in The Riemann Integral on a Closed Interval via Lower and Upper Integrals (vii) and The Riemann Integral on a Closed Interval via Lower and Upper Integrals (viii). For a,b∈Ra,b\in\mathbb{R} with a<ba<b, a map M:[a,b]→Mn(R)M:[a,b]\to\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathbb{R}) and u,v∈[a,b]u,v\in[a,b], the integral ∫uvM=∫uvM(r) dr\int_{u}^{v}M=\int_{u}^{v}M(r)\,dr and what it means that it is defined are as in Riemann Integral of a Vector-Valued or Matrix-Valued Map (iv), and MM is continuous on [a,b][a,b] if it is continuous on [a,b][a,b] with dRd_{\mathbb{R}} on [a,b][a,b] and dnd_{n} on Mn(R)\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathbb{R}). The set S(n)\mathcal{S}(n) of symmetric matrices, positive semidefinite matrices and the ordering ⪯\preceq are as in Euclidean Space and Real Matrices: Standing Notation (iv) and Euclidean Space and Real Matrices: Standing Notation (v).

Let E⊆RE\subseteq\mathbb{R}, let f,g:E→Rf,g:E\to\mathbb{R}, and let u,v∈Eu,v\in E with u≤vu\le v be such that ∫uvf\int_{u}^{v}f and ∫uvg\int_{u}^{v}g are defined. If f(r)≤g(r)f(r)\le g(r) for every r∈Er\in E with u≤r≤vu\le r\le v, then ∫uvf≤∫uvg\int_{u}^{v}f\le\int_{u}^{v}g.

In the remaining clauses, let a,b∈Ra,b\in\mathbb{R} with a<ba<b, let u,v∈[a,b]u,v\in[a,b], and let M,N:[a,b]→Mn(R)M,N:[a,b]\to\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathbb{R}) be continuous on [a,b][a,b] with M(r)∈S(n)M(r)\in\mathcal{S}(n) and N(r)∈S(n)N(r)\in\mathcal{S}(n) for every r∈[a,b]r\in[a,b].

∫uvM\int_{u}^{v}M is defined and ∫uvM∈S(n)\int_{u}^{v}M\in\mathcal{S}(n).

If u≤vu\le v and M(r)M(r) is positive semidefinite for every r∈[a,b]r\in[a,b] with u≤r≤vu\le r\le v, then ∫uvM\int_{u}^{v}M is positive semidefinite.

If u≤vu\le v and M(r)⪯N(r)M(r)\preceq N(r) for every r∈[a,b]r\in[a,b] with u≤r≤vu\le r\le v, then ∫uvM⪯∫uvN\int_{u}^{v}M\preceq\int_{u}^{v}N.

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