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Density Point of an Arbitrary Subset of Rn\mathbb{R}^n

Defines a density point of an arbitrary subset of Euclidean space, using Lebesgue outer measure so that no measurability of the set is required.

Statement

We work in the setting of Product Measures and Lebesgue Measure on ℝⁿ: Standing Notation and Background, whose notation is fixed for every dimension and is used here with a natural number nn satisfying 1≤n1\le n: the Euclidean norm, distance and closed balls Bˉ(x,r)\bar{B}(x,r) of Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}, the Borel σ\sigma-algebra B(Rn)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n}), and Lebesgue measure λn\lambda_{n} are as fixed there. Write λn∗\lambda_{n}^{\ast} for Lebesgue outer measure, which is defined on every subset of Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}. For every x∈Rnx\in\mathbb{R}^{n} and every r∈Rr\in\mathbb{R} with 0<r0<r the closed ball Bˉ(x,r)\bar{B}(x,r) belongs to B(Rn)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) by The Lebesgue Measure of a Closed Ball in Rn\mathbb{R}^n (i), so the real number λn(Bˉ(x,r))\lambda_{n}(\bar{B}(x,r)) appearing below is defined.

Let E⊆RnE\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n} be an arbitrary subset and let x∈Rnx\in\mathbb{R}^{n}.

Definition. The point xx is a density point of EE if for every α∈R\alpha\in\mathbb{R} with α<1\alpha<1 there is ρ∈R\rho\in\mathbb{R} with 0<ρ0<\rho such that

α λn(Bˉ(x,r))≤λn∗(E∩Bˉ(x,r))for every r∈R with 0<r<ρ.\alpha\,\lambda_{n}\bigl(\bar{B}(x,r)\bigr)\le\lambda_{n}^{\ast}\bigl(E\cap\bar{B}(x,r)\bigr)\qquad\text{for every }r\in\mathbb{R}\text{ with }0<r<\rho .

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