TheoremBase

The Density of a Nondegenerate Gaussian Law

For a positive definite covariance matrix Σ, the Gaussian law N(m,Σ) on RkR^k has the density (2π)^{-k/2} (det Σ)^{-1/2} exp(-(x-m)·Σ^{-1}(x-m)/2) with respect to Lebesgue measure.

Statement

In the setting of Gaussian Random Vectors: Standing Notation, let k∈Nk\in\mathbb{N}, let m∈Rkm\in\mathbb{R}^{k}, and let Σ∈S(k)\Sigma\in\mathcal{S}(k) be positive definite, with inverse Σ−1\Sigma^{-1} (Invertibility of Positive Definite Matrices (i)) and determinant det⁡Σ>0\det\Sigma>0 (The Determinant of a Positive Definite Matrix Is Positive (i)). Let exp⁡\exp be the exponential function, π\pi the number of The Number Pi (i), ⋅\sqrt{\cdot} the square root of a nonnegative real number (2π>02\pi>0 by Quarter-Turn Identities and Periodicity of Sine and Cosine (i)), and f:Rk→Rf:\mathbb{R}^{k}\to\mathbb{R} the function

f(x)=1(2π)kdet⁡Σexp⁡(−12 (x−m)⋅Σ−1(x−m)).f(x)=\frac{1}{(\sqrt{2\pi})^{k}\sqrt{\det\Sigma}}\exp\Bigl(-\tfrac{1}{2}\,(x-m)\cdot\Sigma^{-1}(x-m)\Bigr).

The Gaussian density. The Gaussian law N(m,Σ)N(m,\Sigma) (Σ\Sigma is positive semidefinite, Rules for Symmetric and Positive Semidefinite Matrices: Closure, Self-Adjointness, Polarization, Congruence and Cones (x)) is the measure with density ff with respect to λk\lambda_{k}:

N(m,Σ)(B)=∫Bf dλk(B∈B(Rk)).N(m,\Sigma)(B)=\int_{B}f\,d\lambda_{k}\qquad(B\in\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{k})).

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