TheoremBase

A Nondecreasing Function on an Open Interval is Differentiable Almost Everywhere

Lebesgue's differentiation theorem for monotone functions: a nondecreasing real function on an open interval has a finite derivative at every point outside a Lebesgue null set.

Statement

We work in the setting of Product Measures and Lebesgue Measure on ℝⁿ: Standing Notation and Background with the dimension 11, throughout identifying a point of R1\mathbb{R}^{1} with its single coordinate, so that R1\mathbb{R}^{1} and R\mathbb{R} are written interchangeably; under this convention the Euclidean norm of a point is its absolute value and dE(s,t)=∣s−t∣d_{E}(s,t)=|s-t|, by claim 1 of Properties of the Euclidean Norm on Rn\mathbb{R}^n: Square, Distance, Vanishing, Coordinate Bounds, Homogeneity, Triangle Inequalities and Expansion of a Square, so that the closed ball Bˉ(y,r)\bar{B}(y,r) is the closed interval with endpoints y−ry-r and y+ry+r. By Lebesgue Measure on Rn\mathbb{R}^n the measure λ1\lambda_{1} is the Lebesgue measure λ\lambda on the Borel σ\sigma-algebra of R\mathbb{R}. Accordingly λ∗\lambda^{\ast} denotes Lebesgue outer measure on subsets of R\mathbb{R}, and null has the meaning fixed in that setting.

Let I⊆RI\subseteq\mathbb{R} be a nonempty open interval and let g:I→Rg:I\to\mathbb{R} be nondecreasing on II, that is g(x)≤g(y)g(x)\le g(y) whenever x,y∈Ix,y\in I and x≤yx\le y. Let DD be the set of those x∈Ix\in I at which gg has a derivative g′(x)g'(x), a real number.

Then I∖DI\setminus D is null.

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