TheoremBase

Smooth Differential k-Form on a Smooth Manifold with Boundary

Statement

Let n∈n\in N\mathbb{N}, and let MM be a smooth manifold with boundary of dimension nn, with chosen smooth atlas ((Uα,φα))α∈A((U_\alpha,\varphi_\alpha))_{\alpha\in A}; for each α∈A\alpha\in A write Ωα=φα(Uα)\Omega_\alpha=\varphi_\alpha(U_\alpha). Each Ωα\Omega_\alpha is open in the closed upper half-space HnH^n of Euclidean space Rn\mathbb{R}^n, hence an admissible domain in the sense of Continuous n-Form, Support, and Zero Extension on a Euclidean or Half-Space Domain. Let k∈N∪{0}k\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}.

A smooth differential kk-form ω\omega on MM is a family (ωα)α∈A(\omega_\alpha)_{\alpha\in A} with the following three properties.

  1. For each α∈A\alpha\in A, ωα\omega_\alpha assigns to each point x∈Ωαx\in\Omega_\alpha an alternating kk-linear form ωα,x\omega_{\alpha,x} on Rn\mathbb{R}^n. The assignment ωα\omega_\alpha is called the chart representative of ω\omega in the chart (Uα,φα)(U_\alpha,\varphi_\alpha).

  2. (Local smoothness.) For each α∈A\alpha\in A and each a∈Ωαa\in\Omega_\alpha there exist an open set W⊆RnW\subseteq\mathbb{R}^n with a∈Wa\in W and a differential kk-form η\eta on WW whose coefficient functions in the coordinate expansion are smooth, such that ηx=ωα,x\eta_x=\omega_{\alpha,x} for every x∈W∩Ωαx\in W\cap\Omega_\alpha.

  3. (Compatibility.) For all α,β∈A\alpha,\beta\in A with Uα∩Uβ≠∅U_\alpha\cap U_\beta\ne\varnothing, consider the transition map τβα=φβ∘φα−1\tau_{\beta\alpha}=\varphi_\beta\circ\varphi_\alpha^{-1} from φα(Uα∩Uβ)\varphi_\alpha(U_\alpha\cap U_\beta) to φβ(Uα∩Uβ)\varphi_\beta(U_\alpha\cap U_\beta); it is a smooth diffeomorphism of admissible domains, its local smooth extensions being furnished by the smooth compatibility of the charts. The requirement is that the pullback satisfies

τβα∗(ωβ)=ωα\tau_{\beta\alpha}^{*}(\omega_\beta)=\omega_\alpha

on φα(Uα∩Uβ)\varphi_\alpha(U_\alpha\cap U_\beta), where ωβ\omega_\beta is restricted to φβ(Uα∩Uβ)\varphi_\beta(U_\alpha\cap U_\beta).

When k=0k=0, each ωα\omega_\alpha is a real-valued function on Ωα\Omega_\alpha and property 3 states that ωα=ωβ∘τβα\omega_\alpha=\omega_\beta\circ\tau_{\beta\alpha} on chart overlaps. Consequently there is a well-defined function ω:M→R\omega:M\to\mathbb{R} given by ω(p)=ωα(φα(p))\omega(p)=\omega_\alpha(\varphi_\alpha(p)) for any chart with p∈Uαp\in U_\alpha, and we identify smooth differential 00-forms on MM with such functions, called smooth functions on MM.

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