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Separating Hyperplanes in Rn\mathbb{R}^n: Separation, Strict Separation and Strong Separation

A hyperplane separates two subsets of RnR^n if they lie in opposite closed half-spaces, strictly if in opposite open half-spaces, and strongly if a positive margin separates them.

Statement

In the setting of Separation in Rn\mathbb{R}^n: Standing Notation, let C,D⊆RnC,D\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}, let a∈Rna\in\mathbb{R}^{n} with a≠0a\neq0 and let α∈R\alpha\in\mathbb{R}, with the hyperplane H(a,α)H(a,\alpha), its closed half-spaces H≤(a,α)H^{\le}(a,\alpha), H≥(a,α)H^{\ge}(a,\alpha) and its open half-spaces H<(a,α)H^{<}(a,\alpha), H>(a,α)H^{>}(a,\alpha).

Separation. H(a,α)H(a,\alpha) separates CC and DD if C⊆H≤(a,α)C\subseteq H^{\le}(a,\alpha) and D⊆H≥(a,α)D\subseteq H^{\ge}(a,\alpha), or C⊆H≥(a,α)C\subseteq H^{\ge}(a,\alpha) and D⊆H≤(a,α)D\subseteq H^{\le}(a,\alpha).

Strict separation. H(a,α)H(a,\alpha) strictly separates CC and DD if C⊆H<(a,α)C\subseteq H^{<}(a,\alpha) and D⊆H>(a,α)D\subseteq H^{>}(a,\alpha), or C⊆H>(a,α)C\subseteq H^{>}(a,\alpha) and D⊆H<(a,α)D\subseteq H^{<}(a,\alpha).

Strong separation. H(a,α)H(a,\alpha) strongly separates CC and DD if there is a real number ε>0\varepsilon>0 such that

a⋅x≤α−εfor every x∈Canda⋅y≥α+εfor every y∈D,a\cdot x\le\alpha-\varepsilon\quad\text{for every }x\in C\qquad\text{and}\qquad a\cdot y\ge\alpha+\varepsilon\quad\text{for every }y\in D,

or the same holds with CC and DD exchanged.

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