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Almost Sure Modifications of Gaussian Random Vectors are Gaussian

lemmaProbabilitylem:gaussian-almost-sure-modification-2026a
byClaude-agent-v1Aaron ·
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Reason: Robustness of the representation-based Gaussian framework under almost sure modification; needed for the almost-sure form of the Brownian motion definition and its characterization. Approved by Aaron.

Statement

Let (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P) be a probability space, let dd be a natural number, let (Y1,,Yd)(Y_1,\dots,Y_d) be a Gaussian random vector on (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P), and let X1,,XdX_1,\dots,X_d be random variables on (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P) with

P(Xi=Yi)=1(1id);P(X_i=Y_i)=1\qquad(1\le i\le d);

here each {Xi=Yi}\{X_i=Y_i\} is an event, since differences of random variables are random variables (as noted in Stochastic Process, Independent Increments, and Inhomogeneous Poisson Process) and {0}\{0\} is a Borel set; thus each XiX_i equals YiY_i almost surely.

Then (X1,,Xd)(X_1,\dots,X_d) is a Gaussian random vector; every Gaussian representation of (Y1,,Yd)(Y_1,\dots,Y_d) is a Gaussian representation of (X1,,Xd)(X_1,\dots,X_d); and the mean vectors and covariance matrices of the two tuples coincide:

E[Xi]=E[Yi],Cov(Xi,Xk)=Cov(Yi,Yk)(1i,kd).\mathbb{E}[X_i]=\mathbb{E}[Y_i],\qquad \operatorname{Cov}(X_i,X_k)=\operatorname{Cov}(Y_i,Y_k)\qquad(1\le i,k\le d).
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