TheoremBase

Weak Law of Large Numbers

For pairwise uncorrelated square-integrable random variables with common mean m and variances at most σ², the probability that the sample mean Sn/nS_n/n deviates from m by at least ε is at most σ²/(nε²), and hence tends to 0. Independent identically distributed random variables with finite variance are the main case covered.

Statement

In the setting of Probability Spaces: Notation, let μ\mu and c≥0c\ge0 be real numbers, and let (Xk)k∈N(X_{k})_{k\in\mathbb{N}} be a sequence of random variables in L2(P)\mathcal{L}^{2}(P) such that XjX_{j} and XkX_{k} are uncorrelated for all j,k∈Nj,k\in\mathbb{N} with j≠kj\neq k, and

EXk=μ,Var⁡Xk≤c(k∈N).\mathbb{E}X_{k}=\mu,\qquad\operatorname{Var}X_{k}\le c\qquad(k\in\mathbb{N}).

Chebyshev bound. For every n∈Nn\in\mathbb{N} and every real ε>0\varepsilon>0,

P(∣1n∑k=1nXk−μ∣≥ε)≤cnε2.P\Bigl(\Bigl|\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}X_{k}-\mu\Bigr|\ge\varepsilon\Bigr)\le\frac{c}{n\varepsilon^{2}}.

Weak law. For every real ε>0\varepsilon>0,

P(∣1n∑k=1nXk−μ∣≥ε)→0(n→∞).P\Bigl(\Bigl|\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}X_{k}-\mu\Bigr|\ge\varepsilon\Bigr)\to0\qquad(n\to\infty).

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