TheoremBase

Preimages of Unions, Intersections and Complements

The preimage under a map commutes with unions and with intersections over a nonempty index set, takes the complement of a set to the complement of its preimage, and takes the whole target set to the whole domain.

Statement

In the setting of Routine Facts Used Without Citation: Arithmetic, Maps, Predicativity and Indices, let SS and TT be sets and let u:S→Tu:S\to T be a map; for a subset VV of TT, u−1(V)u^{-1}(V) is its preimage, a subset of SS, as in Sets and Maps: Ordinary Notation (vii). Let P(S)\mathcal{P}(S) and P(T)\mathcal{P}(T) be the power sets of SS and TT, and let g:P(T)→P(S)g:\mathcal{P}(T)\to\mathcal{P}(S), V↦u−1(V)V\mapsto u^{-1}(V), be the map of Preimages under a Map: Membership, the Preimage Map, Sequences of Preimages, and the Set of Sets with Preimage in a Given Set (iii). Let II be a set and V:I→P(T)V:I\to\mathcal{P}(T), i↦Vii\mapsto V_{i}, a map. Unions and intersections over II are those of the families (Vi)i∈I(V_{i})_{i\in I} and (u−1(Vi))i∈I(u^{-1}(V_{i}))_{i\in I}, the latter being the composite g∘V:I→P(S)g\circ V:I\to\mathcal{P}(S), as in Indexed Families of Sets and Their Union, Intersection and Product (ii) and Indexed Families of Sets and Their Union, Intersection and Product (iii); differences of sets are those of The Boolean Operations on Classes, Disjointness, and the Universal Class (i). A sequence (Vk)(V_{k}) in P(T)\mathcal{P}(T) is the case I=NI=\mathbb{N}, where I≠∅I\neq\emptyset as 1∈N1\in\mathbb{N} by Natural Numbers Are the Successors in Omega: One Is Least and Not a Successor of a Natural Number, the Successor Is Injective, and N Is Closed under Addition and Multiplication (ii).

⋃i∈IVi\bigcup_{i\in I}V_{i} is a subset of TT, and u−1(⋃i∈IVi)=⋃i∈Iu−1(Vi)u^{-1}\bigl(\bigcup_{i\in I}V_{i}\bigr)=\bigcup_{i\in I}u^{-1}(V_{i}).

If I≠∅I\neq\emptyset, then ⋂i∈IVi\bigcap_{i\in I}V_{i} is a subset of TT, and u−1(⋂i∈IVi)=⋂i∈Iu−1(Vi)u^{-1}\bigl(\bigcap_{i\in I}V_{i}\bigr)=\bigcap_{i\in I}u^{-1}(V_{i}).

For every subset VV of TT, u−1(T∖V)=S∖u−1(V)u^{-1}(T\setminus V)=S\setminus u^{-1}(V).

u−1(T)=Su^{-1}(T)=S.

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