TheoremBase

Differentiation under the Integral Sign

Statement

Let (X,F,μ)(X,\mathcal{F},\mu) be a measure space, let pp and qq be real numbers with p<qp<q, and let UU be the open interval with endpoints pp and qq. By An Open Interval is an Interval All of Whose Points Are Interior every point of UU is an interior point of UU, so differentiability at a point of UU is meant for functions defined on UU. Let f:U×X→Rf:U\times X\to\mathbb{R} satisfy the following three conditions.

(i) For every t∈Ut\in U the function x↦f(t,x)x\mapsto f(t,x) is integrable with respect to μ\mu.

(ii) For every x∈Xx\in X the function s↦f(s,x)s\mapsto f(s,x) is differentiable at every point of UU; its derivative at t∈Ut\in U is written D1f(t,x)D_1f(t,x).

(iii) There is an integrable function g:X→Rg:X\to\mathbb{R} such that ∣D1f(t,x)∣≤g(x)|D_1f(t,x)|\le g(x) for every t∈Ut\in U and every x∈Xx\in X.

Then for every t∈Ut\in U the function x↦D1f(t,x)x\mapsto D_1f(t,x) is measurable and integrable, the function F:U→RF:U\to\mathbb{R} given by

F(t)=∫Xf(t,x) dμ(x)F(t)=\int_X f(t,x)\,d\mu(x)

is differentiable at every point of UU, and

F′(t)=∫XD1f(t,x) dμ(x)F'(t)=\int_X D_1f(t,x)\,d\mu(x)

for every t∈Ut\in U.

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