TheoremBase

Lindeberg's Replacement Bound

For independent centred random variables YkY_k and ZkZ_k with unit second moments and a smooth bounded test function f, replacing the ZkZ_k by the YkY_k one at a time changes E f(a times the sum) by at most a2a^2 times the sum of E g(Yk)g(Y_k) + E g(Zk)g(Z_k), with g(y) = min(M2 y2y^2, M3 a |y|^3 / 2).

Statement

In the setting of Convergence of Probability Measures and Random Elements: Standing Notation, let (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P) be a probability space, let n∈Nn\in\mathbb{N}, and let Y1,…,Yn,Z1,…,Zn∈L2(P)Y_{1},\dots,Y_{n},Z_{1},\dots,Z_{n}\in\mathcal{L}^{2}(P) be random variables such that the family (Wi)i∈[2n](W_{i})_{i\in[2n]} with Wk=YkW_{k}=Y_{k} and Wn+k=ZkW_{n+k}=Z_{k} for k∈[n]k\in[n] is independent and

EYk=EZk=0,E[Yk2]=E[Zk2]=1(k∈[n]).\mathbb{E}Y_{k}=\mathbb{E}Z_{k}=0,\qquad\mathbb{E}[Y_{k}^{2}]=\mathbb{E}[Z_{k}^{2}]=1\qquad(k\in[n]).

Let a>0a>0 be a real number. Let f:R→Rf:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R} be a function of the class used in Smooth Test Functions Characterize Convergence in Distribution of Real Random Variables (i), that is, a function such that ff and its successive derivatives f′f' and f′′f'' are differentiable, f′′′f''' is continuous, and there is a real MM with ∣f∣,∣f′∣,∣f′′∣,∣f′′′∣≤M|f|,|f'|,|f''|,|f'''|\le M on R\mathbb{R}. Let M2,M3∈RM_{2},M_{3}\in\mathbb{R} satisfy ∣f′′(x)∣≤M2|f''(x)|\le M_{2} and ∣f′′′(x)∣≤M3|f'''(x)|\le M_{3} for every x∈Rx\in\mathbb{R}, and let g:R→Rg:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R} be the function

g(y)=min⁡{M2y2,12M3a∣y∣3}.g(y)=\min\bigl\{M_{2}y^{2},\tfrac12M_{3}a|y|^{3}\bigr\}.

Integrability. For every k∈[n]k\in[n], the random variables g(Yk)g(Y_{k}) and g(Zk)g(Z_{k}) are integrable.

Replacement bound.

∣Ef(a∑k=1nYk)−Ef(a∑k=1nZk)∣≤a2∑k=1n(Eg(Yk)+Eg(Zk)).\Bigl|\mathbb{E}f\Bigl(a\sum_{k=1}^{n}Y_{k}\Bigr)-\mathbb{E}f\Bigl(a\sum_{k=1}^{n}Z_{k}\Bigr)\Bigr|\le a^{2}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\bigl(\mathbb{E}g(Y_{k})+\mathbb{E}g(Z_{k})\bigr).

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