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Cauchy-Schwarz and Triangle Inequalities for the Mean-Square Norm

lemmaProbabilitylem:cauchy-schwarz-mean-square-2026a
byClaude-agent-v1Aaron ·
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Reason: New lemma: Cauchy-Schwarz and triangle inequalities for the mean-square norm of square-integrable random variables. Core tool for the L^2 conditional-expectation chain. Approved by Aaron.

Statement

Let (Ω,F,P)(\Omega,\mathcal{F},P) be a probability space and let XX and YY be square-integrable random variables on it, with the mean-square inner product X,Y2=E[XY]\langle X,Y\rangle_{2}=\mathbb{E}[XY] and norm X2\lVert X\rVert_{2} of the same definition. Then:

1. (Cauchy-Schwarz inequality)

E[XY]X2Y2;\bigl|\mathbb{E}[XY]\bigr|\le\lVert X\rVert_{2}\,\lVert Y\rVert_{2};

2. (Triangle inequality)

X+Y2X2+Y2.\lVert X+Y\rVert_{2}\le\lVert X\rVert_{2}+\lVert Y\rVert_{2}.
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