TheoremBase

Darboux Sums of Sums, Scalar Multiples and Dominated Functions, and the Oscillation Bound

On a fixed partition, the upper sum is subadditive and the lower sum superadditive, scalar multiples scale the sums (exchanging upper and lower for negative scalars), a bound f ≤ g + c passes to the sums with the term c(b − a), and an oscillation at most η on every subinterval bounds U − L by η(b − a).

Statement

In the setting of The Real Line: Standing Notation and Background for Calculus on Intervals, let a,b∈Ra,b\in\mathbb{R} with a<ba<b. A map h:[a,b]→Rh:[a,b]\to\mathbb{R} is bounded if there is B∈RB\in\mathbb{R} with ∣h(t)∣≤B|h(t)|\le B for every t∈[a,b]t\in[a,b]. Let f,g:[a,b]→Rf,g:[a,b]\to\mathbb{R} be bounded maps, and let the sum f+gf+g and the scalar multiple cfcf, for c∈Rc\in\mathbb{R}, be as in Pointwise Operations on Real-Valued Maps (i), with I=[a,b]I=[a,b]. Let PP be a partition of [a,b][a,b], let n∈Nn\in\mathbb{N} and the increasing listing a=x1<x2<⋯<xn+1=ba=x_{1}<x_{2}<\dots<x_{n+1}=b of PP be as in The Increasing Listing of a Partition: Endpoints, Lengths, Covering, Unions, Inserting a Point, Concatenation and Uniform Partitions (i), with xix_{i} and xi+1x_{i+1} defined for i∈[n]i\in[n] by The Increasing Listing of a Partition: Endpoints, Lengths, Covering, Unions, Inserting a Point, Concatenation and Uniform Partitions (ii), and, for a bounded map h:[a,b]→Rh:[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}, let U(h,P)U(h,P) and L(h,P)L(h,P) be the upper sum and the lower sum of hh with respect to PP.

f+gf+g is bounded, U(f+g,P)≤U(f,P)+U(g,P)U(f+g,P)\le U(f,P)+U(g,P) and L(f,P)+L(g,P)≤L(f+g,P)L(f,P)+L(g,P)\le L(f+g,P).

Let c∈Rc\in\mathbb{R}. Then cfcf is bounded. If c≥0c\ge0, then U(cf,P)=c U(f,P)U(cf,P)=c\,U(f,P) and L(cf,P)=c L(f,P)L(cf,P)=c\,L(f,P). If c<0c<0, then U(cf,P)=c L(f,P)U(cf,P)=c\,L(f,P) and L(cf,P)=c U(f,P)L(cf,P)=c\,U(f,P).

Let c∈Rc\in\mathbb{R}. If f(t)≤g(t)+cf(t)\le g(t)+c for every t∈[a,b]t\in[a,b], then U(f,P)≤U(g,P)+c (b−a)U(f,P)\le U(g,P)+c\,(b-a) and L(f,P)≤L(g,P)+c (b−a)L(f,P)\le L(g,P)+c\,(b-a).

Let η∈R\eta\in\mathbb{R} with η≥0\eta\ge0. If ∣f(s)−f(t)∣≤η|f(s)-f(t)|\le\eta for every i∈[n]i\in[n] and all s,t∈[xi,xi+1]s,t\in[x_{i},x_{i+1}], then U(f,P)−L(f,P)≤η (b−a)U(f,P)-L(f,P)\le\eta\,(b-a).

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