The Square of a Square-Integrable Martingale with Finite Fourth Moments is a Nonnegative Submartingale
lemmaProbabilitylem:martingale-square-submartingale-2026aLet be a probability space, let be a real number, let be a filtration on with time index restricted to , and let be a square-integrable martingale with respect to , with time index restricted to , such that for every the random variable is itself square-integrable, that is, , where is the expectation. Write for the function equal to on and off .
Then the family is a square-integrable submartingale with respect to , with time index restricted to , with for every and , and more precisely, for all and every ,
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