Pairs (a, b) of natural numbers, thought of as a − b, with (a, b) ~ (c, d) when a + d = b + c, form an equivalence relation; on the classes [a, b] there are unique sum, product, negation and order given by the usual formulas.
In the setting of The Natural Numbers and the Natural Numbers with Zero: Arithmetic, Order, Induction and Recursion, let and let be the relation on with if and only if , for all , given by Maps and Relations Given by Formulas §relation.
is an equivalence relation on . Write for the quotient and for the class of .
is a set whose elements are exactly the classes with , and for all , if and only if .
There are unique binary operations and on , a unique map from to itself and a unique relation on such that, for all ,
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