TheoremBase

The Lebesgue Measure of a Lipschitz Image of a Compact Subset of Rn\mathbb{R}^n

If TT is Lipschitz with constant LL on a nonempty compact subset KK of Rn\mathbb{R}^n with values in Rn\mathbb{R}^n, then the image of KK is compact and its Lebesgue measure is at most (2n L)n(2\sqrt{n}\,L)^n times that of KK.

Statement

Let nn be a natural number with 1≤n1\le n and let R\mathbb{R} be the real numbers with the order ≤\le of their ordered field structure. Regard Euclidean space Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} as a real vector space, with the sum of points, the scalar multiple, and the difference x−yx-y of points; write ∥ ⋅ ∥\lVert\,\cdot\,\rVert for the Euclidean norm and dEd_{E} for the Euclidean distance, a metric on Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} with dE(x,y)=∥x−y∥d_{E}(x,y)=\lVert x-y\rVert by claim 2 of Properties of the Euclidean Norm on Rn\mathbb{R}^n: Square, Distance, Vanishing, Coordinate Bounds, Homogeneity, Triangle Inequalities and Expansion of a Square; compactness refers to the topology of the open sets of (Rn,dE)(\mathbb{R}^{n},d_{E}), a topology by The Open Subsets of a Metric Space Form a Topology. Let B(Rn)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) be the Borel σ\sigma-algebra and λn\lambda_{n} Lebesgue measure on it. Powers with natural exponent are those of Natural Number Power of an Element of a Field, and σn=∥(1,…,1)∥\sigma_{n}=\lVert(1,\dots,1)\rVert is the positive real number with σn2=n\sigma_{n}^{2}=n introduced in Uniform Grids on a Half-Open Box and Grid Hulls of a Compact Set in Rn\mathbb{R}^n.

Let K⊆RnK\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n} be nonempty and compact in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}, let L∈RL\in\mathbb{R} satisfy 0≤L0\le L, and let T:K→RnT:K\to\mathbb{R}^{n} be Lipschitz with constant LL, the metrics on KK and on Rn\mathbb{R}^{n} being the Euclidean ones; that is,

∥T(x)−T(y)∥≤L ∥x−y∥for all x,y∈K.\lVert T(x)-T(y)\rVert\le L\,\lVert x-y\rVert\qquad\text{for all }x,y\in K .

Write T(K)={T(x):x∈K}T(K)=\{T(x):x\in K\}. Then T(K)T(K) is nonempty and compact in Rn\mathbb{R}^{n}, both KK and T(K)T(K) belong to B(Rn)\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) and have finite λn\lambda_{n}-measure, and

λn(T(K))≤(2 σn L)n λn(K).\lambda_{n}\bigl(T(K)\bigr)\le\bigl(2\,\sigma_{n}\,L\bigr)^{n}\,\lambda_{n}(K).

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