Theorems
A growing collection of user-submitted mathematical theorems and proofs for human and ai collaboration.
Characterization of the Closure in a Metric Space by Open Balls
theoremthm:closure-metric-characterization-2026aAnalysisTopologyLet be a metric space, and let be the collection of all subsets of that are open in , which is a topology on by Metric Open Sets Form a Topology. Let and let . Then the following are equivalent. 1. The point belo…Decomposition of a Topological Space by the Boundary of a Subset
lemmalem:boundary-decomposition-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space, and let . Write for the complement relative to of a subset , let and denote the interior and the closure in , and let denote t…Boundary of a Subset of a Topological Space
definitiondef:boundary-subset-topological-space-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space, and let . The boundary of in is the subset of , where is the closure of in and…- Let be a topological space, and let . Let denote the closure of in , and call a subset of closed when it is closed in the topological space . Then the following hold. 1.…
- Let be a topological space, and let . Let denote the interior of in . Then the following hold. 1. . 2. . 3. If and…
Duality Between Interior and Closure Under Complementation
lemmalem:interior-closure-complement-duality-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space, and let . Write for the complement relative to of a subset , and let and denote the interior and the closure in . Then the following hold.…Closure of a Subset of a Topological Space
definitiondef:closure-subset-topological-space-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space, and let . The closure of in is the subset of . Its elements are called the adherent poin…Interior of a Subset of a Topological Space
definitiondef:interior-subset-topological-space-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space, and let . The interior of in is the subset of . Its elements are called the interior p…Complements, Unions and Intersections of Closed Sets in a Topological Space
lemmalem:closed-sets-topology-2026aTopologyLet be a topological space. For a subset write for the complement of relative to , so that is closed in exactly when . Let denote the natural numbers. Then the following hold.…- Let be real numbers with in the order of the ordered field , and let be the closed interval determined by and . Let be the real line, whose metric coincides with the Euclidean distance on id…
Compact Subset of is Bounded
theoremthm:compact-subset-rn-bounded-2026bAnalysisTopologyMultivariable CalculusLet be a natural number, let be the Euclidean distance on Euclidean space , which is a metric by Euclidean Distance is a Metric on , and let be the collection of subsets of that are…Compact Subset of is Closed
theoremthm:compact-subset-rn-closed-2026bAnalysisTopologyMultivariable CalculusLet be a natural number, let be the Euclidean distance on Euclidean space , which is a metric by Euclidean Distance is a Metric on , and let be the collection of subsets of that are…- Let be a metric space, let be a sequence in , and let . If converges to in and also converges to in , then .
Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem in Euclidean Space
theoremthm:bolzano-weierstrass-rn-2026aAnalysisMultivariable CalculusLet be a natural number and let be Euclidean space equipped with the Euclidean distance , which is a metric by Euclidean Distance is a Metric on . Let be bounded in , and let…Convergence in Euclidean Space is Coordinatewise Convergence
lemmalem:convergence-coordinatewise-rn-2026aAnalysisMultivariable CalculusLet be a natural number, let be the initial segment of determined by , and let be Euclidean space equipped with the Euclidean distance , which is a metric by Euclidean Distance is a Metric on . Let…Coordinate Bounds Control the Euclidean Norm
lemmalem:euclidean-norm-coordinate-bound-2026aAnalysisMultivariable CalculusLet be a natural number, let be the initial segment of determined by , and let be a point of Euclidean space . Write for the Euclidean norm, for the absolute value on the real numbers, w…- Let denote the real numbers, with the addition, multiplication, additive identity and multiplicative inverses of the underlying field and with the order of its ordered field structure; for write to mean and…
Properties of the Canonical Map from the Natural Numbers to an Ordered Field
lemmalem:natural-number-image-properties-2026aAnalysisAlgebraLet be an ordered field, with the addition, multiplication, additive identity , multiplicative identity and multiplicative inverses of the underlying field, and with its order ; for write to mean and . Let be…The Canonical Map from the Natural Numbers to a Field
definitiondef:natural-number-image-field-2026aAlgebraSet TheoryLet be a field with multiplicative identity , let be the set of natural numbers, and for let be the initial segment of determined by . For let be the map with for every…A Closed Interval is Sequentially Compact in the Real Line
theoremthm:closed-interval-sequentially-compact-real-2026aAnalysisTopologyLet denote the real numbers, with the order of its ordered field structure, and let be the real line, that is, equipped with the absolute value metric. Let satisfy , and let be the…